The role of multiple household income source in enhancing livelihood in western zone Tanzania

Abstract

Rural households in developing countries face significant challenges in achieving sustainable livelihoods, with dependence on a single income source often leaving them vulnerable to poverty and food insecurity. This study examines the role of income diversification in promoting livelihood sustainability in Tanzania’s western zone, specifically Kigoma and Katavi regions, which are characterized by high poverty levels and a large refugee population. Income diversification is highlighted as a vital coping strategy for addressing climate variability, low agricultural productivity, and inadequate infrastructure. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from 510 respondents through structured questionnaires, and a multinomial logit model was used for analysis. The findings show that households engaging in diverse income-generating activities—such as agriculture, livestock rearing, small businesses, and fishing—achieve greater food security and income stability. Key determinants of income diversification include education, gender, land access, and infrastructure. The study recommends policies to enhance equitable access to agricultural inputs, financial services, and gender-inclusive opportunities, while promoting non-farm income activities, improving market access, and investing in critical infrastructure. These findings underscore the importance of diversified income strategies in reducing vulnerability and building resilience among rural households